Health Issues of Homeless Population

Health Issues of Homeless Population Introduction A person is contemplated homeless if there is no roof over his head to live. The statistics, which prevail only, relate to masses that are counted as homeless and meet the requirements for local government aid. The quota of households proclaimed in need of urgent housing in United Kingdom increased by about 25% over the last four years. The enormous numbers of people classified have complicated social, health and psychological requirements, and in the past years a great number of centres have been set up to dispense foremost care to people belonging to homeless group. Importance of public health Personal medical services regulation body has made this practicable; earlier, the network of general practitioner (GP) fundholding was a hurdle to chief care for vagrant people with complicated and unsolved issues. The nationally increased general practitioner (GP) agreement will in all likelihood put forward inducements for supervision of vagrant people. The existing obstacles for this group can be seen in suc a way that In a report to the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, they incorporated the appointment procedures, opening times of surgery, financial disincentives, location and discrimination. Causes for differentiation comprise of impressions that they are violent, antisocial, migrant, or ‘undeserving’. Furthermore, the situation was dealt with some vagrant people face even more risk of being excluded due to their gender, age, sexual orientation or ethnic background. In primary safekeeping, demanding conduct can be a matter of question, but classification of an i ndividual as ‘undeserving’ or ‘deserving’ takes no description of the social elements for example poverty and unemployment, which can conduct to homelessness. Doctors are encouraged by the general media council to permit personal views about patients’ gender, culture, race, age or sexuality to preconceive the idea the safekeeping they get. Because of it a challenge is being placed on clinicians not to eliminate people from health centers because of homelessness or possible drug culture. (Anne, 2005). Common health problems Drugs People without home have a larger proportion of dangerous morbidity and humanity than the other general population. The major health requirement is drug reliance,and the use of illegal drugs, which cause numerous morbidity (including viral hepatitis B and C), septicemia, HIV infection, deep vein thrombosis, abscesses, endocarditis, cellulitis and encephalitis. Adjacent to this, many will be using numerous drugs, mainly heroin and cocaine.Typically for drugs users, principles make these rules. Controlled drugs should be authorized to those patients only who have actually accepted GP, drugs worker and patient. Now there are nations approved results of drug cure,and the policy will rely on those who use drugs independent situations, for example, some drug users will insisted to detoxify from opioids (clearly it is then reasonable to work to an outcome of cessation of drug use). For disorganized drug users, this outcome is not much sensible at first demonstration and the goal must be to establish health and social obligating’s. This (harm reduction) will involve a reduction in the amount of the drugs used, upgrading in physical health, less sinful action and improved relationships (personal/family). (Phill, 2003) Alcohol Many vagrant people have a persistent history of serious alcohol dependence with hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, neurological, or metabolic complications. Not to forget that the risk of suicide because of depression is still there. Frequently the vagrant users of alcohol will come to the extensive practitioner with an appeal for urgent detoxification. This should not be undertaken without sufficient preparatory support and assessment. Particularly, uncontrolled detoxification can conduct to convulsions (mainly in the initial 24 hours), which can cause death. The drug of choice to accomplish removal is chlordiazepoxide. Earlier Clomethiazole (Heminevrin) was taken, but this is more toxic when excessively taken and has larger causing dependency capacity. A treatment of vitamins is used instead which also requires to be recommended large dose of thiamine for a single week followed by prolongation vitamin B blend strong. (Phil, 2003) Smoking In the regular population, smoking have decreases since last 30 years. As stated by the General Household Survey, 27% of adult population smokes. One of the government investigation carried out about smoking (among homeless people) was managed in 1996 by Gill. They found that the levels of the smoking were: 90% of homeless people 85% of public in night shelters 68% of hostel inhabitants 49% of private sector leased residence. Current research in England (southwest) and Wales noted that 94% of Big Issue vendors reported smoking cigarettes. (Hellen, 2003). Mental Health The most common health issue in homeless people is drug-induced, psychosis, schizophrenia, depression and anxiety states.The direction of the link with homelessness is uncertain; mental ill health can be a cause and also can be an effect. As compared with the usual population, mental illness is overrepresented in young people (typically rough sleepers), the principal conditions being schizophrenia, affective disorder, psychoses and substance misuse (including alcohol).Dual diagnosis is common and many of the homeless people who are mentally ill have a history of illegal actions. The crimes mainly consist of acquisitive crime or alcohol habit, damage to property or mischief while drunken. A very less men have a history of violent crime. Almost less than 1/3 of homeless people.For some old people, mental illness is the excess to homelessness.(Richard Michael, 2008). Practice organizations There has many debates conducted on whether primary care is better provided through specialized general activities working with homeless people than through common activities.It has been talked that a specialized extensive pursuit for vagrant people is best to put on these vagrant drug users in doomsday with an excess of health troubles. And as well as stabilizing the severe medical states such applications can direct the vagrant person in right use of basic care. When these results have been attained the patient is motivated to lodge with a normal practice. This change can be hard not just for patients but also for medical practitioners when there is a powerful personal liability. Consequently, we ponder that a specialized performance requires the assistance of a committed GP liaison worker. Specialized common practices for vagrant people are only possible in large areas of the city. For village vagrant inhabitants, the answer lays in increment of existing normal basic healthcare se rvices. Another problem in basic care provision for vagrant people is the tightness between practice-based work and outreach work. The quarrel for outreach is depended mainly on a wrong supposition that vagrant people are short-lived and do not approach basic care.(James, 1994) Working with primary care organizations Historically the organized multiagency functioning for the advantage of vagrant people has been hard to attain, for causes comprising lack of lucidity about the correct responsibilities and employments given by differing agencies, problems in sharing information, and nonfulfillment to answer in a coordinated manner. The Royal College of General Practitioners suggests that homelessness problems should be considered as component of the basic primary care organization (PCO) agenda. In a Statement on Homelessness and Primary Care it says that PCOs should give services for in progress homelessness woks, obtain a fine understanding of the numbers of vagrant people in their region and the issues they face, and should encourage multiagency connections and the sharing of conventions and operating ways that make coordinated care and integrated working easier. Working with hospitals When sick, vagrant people look for the help later than other people. They are over-symbolized in presence at emergency departments and hospital accidents. Whether their lodged complaints would be managed in a better manner in basic care is not evident; the reason behind most of the attendances is intentional self-harm or overdose of medication, so the elevated attendance speed could cast back the high commonness of serious ailment in this category of vagrant people. The GP will wish a vagrant patient with acute disease to stay in the medical care center until fully healthy for discharge, and in vagrant users of drugs this may be assisted by instruction of substitute medication on the hospital rooms. The chief purpose should be to keep the users of drugs in a hospital room and not allow them take their own discharge because of acquiring minimal substitute medication. Because the GP may wish to press on these instructions of doctors even after discharge, practices working with users of drugs require evenly matched connections with services to the inpatients. Present day many users of the drugs taking methadone are liberated out either in the absence of medication or with adequate amount of medicine for just a single day. This puts excessive pressure upon basic care. (Healthy Life, healthy people) Working with other stakeholders Joint working not only consisted of healthcare associates but also other services providers to vagrant people incorporating social services departments, housing departments, and non-statutory companies. Lastly, and most significantly, GPs should search for to work in association with vagrant people themselves, the ‘consumers. User involvement: active or passive? In trivialized categories, involvement of patients can be an efficient means to better healthcare. In the case of vagrant people, stigmatization, isolation and absence of choice show large hurdles. By implying these patients we can recognize pauses in the work and alter training correspondingly. Similar efforts go some way to respond to the social exclusion, which subscribes to sick-health. The fundamental principle is that all individuals, regardless of status, must be permitted chances to take part in resolutions influencing them. To this end, advocacy groups and self-help will sometimes be of help in finding out the essential requirements. An experimental study carried out at the NFA (No Fixed Abode) Health Centre for Homeless People, Leeds, focused to decide the most efficient and suitable ways to facilitate and encourage the involvement of patient. 30 patients attending by random selections, appointments fulfilled a structured questionnaire investigating their behaviors to becoming actively counted in the service. The solutions showed that most of them were keenly interested in impacting the run of the health care center and desired to be a part of the decisions, which could change the recipients of future regarding the service. They depicted interest in making a contrast, to pass on their practical knowledge, or to restore something. Some candidates, specifically the ones who were trying to lower their use of drugs, revealed a feeling that participation in the NFA would dispense a perfect chance to focus their lives again. But the desire for participation was not accepted everywhere: some contemplated no requirement for modification or judged the NFA plainly as a service to provide their medical requirements, and a small number of people said they did not get the time.(Health Development Agency) Health Promotion And Psychological behavior change Propaganda of health to vagrant people is feared with problems—not because the masses are so diverse. When asked, sellers of theBig Issue(who themselves are vagrant) gave some prime concern to lessening of uncertainty from the injection of drug. Here are few practical means of promotion of health in primary healthcare: Offer immunization of hepatitis B to that vagrant who inject drug. A speeded up program (0, 7, 21 days) outcomes in immensely better fulfillment charges than the customary (0, 1, 6 month) program. A booster should be given at twelve months Urge vagrant users of drugs to avail needle exchange programs, which may lower the commonness of hepatitis C. Injecting instruments should not be shared. Be alert of death from overdosing of heroin. Recommend the patient not to self-inject when alone and guide in opposition to the use of other drugs, including alcohol or benzodiazepines, with heroin; be alert of deficiency of tolerance after voluntary or enforced sobriety. In the time ahead, courses for vagrant people may consist of peer management of naloxone for excessive drug dose. (Bengt Monica, 2006) Conclusion In a nutshell, there are few great models of the foremost care service donation to notify the healthcare of on the streets people. These models have been originated from labouring with vagrant masses as well as composing the best performance evolved from associated fields for instance the use of substance. Basic care health service providers seeking to propose healthcare to vagrant populations have the chance to be the part of swiftly developing circle of healthcare with complexes to carry both the practices of the clinic and continue the development of the professionals. References Anne, R. (2005). Health visiting. UK: Elsevier. Bengt, L. Monica, E. (2006). Contextualizing Salutogenesis and antonovasky in public health development. Health Promtion International Vol. 21, No. 3. Healthy Lives, Healthy People. Accessed from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/216096/dh_127424.pdf. Health Development Agency. Accessed from: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/documents/homelessness_smoking.pdf Hellen, G. (2003). People in society: Modern studies. UK: Nelson Thornes Ltd. James, C. (1994). Homelessness and Ill-Health. UK: Royal College of Physicians Phil, R. (2008). Working with young homeless people. UK: Jessica Kingsley Richard, W Michael, M. (2003). Social Determinants of Health. UK: WHO library.

ICT in The Local Community Essay

I will be report I will be writing about how ICT has an affect on my local community which is Bradford, West Yorkshire. I will also include the good things and the bad about each part of ICT as it is used by the local community and laws that effect the way things are done in the local community. Booking tickets on-line. You can book tickets online for many events but the most popular is booking for the Alhambra theatre in Bradford. People often go to the Alhambra to see live shows that range from comedies to dramas and being able to book a ticket online is useful for many people in the local community. To book a ticket on-line is easy just follow the instructions on the site, here is an example: The good points about it are that to book a ticket the community doesn’t even have to move from their seat, and they can also take their time choosing when and what they want to see. The bad points about this is that the local community’s request might not go through although they have thought it has, or the system of the theatre may have gone down and then in that case they have to go to the theatre themselves. There is also a lack of human contact and they can only book into an area and not a specific seat, there also maybe a charge for tickets booked on-line and a further charge if you would like them posted to a home in the community. Another bad point is that the site may not be secure from credit card fraud. I think it could be improved by a confirmation being sent to their e-mail address so you know whether or not your booking has gone through. You can also book a ticket over the phone which is a little harder because rather than taking your time as on the web, The good points about booking a ticket over the phone is that time can be saved even if anyone in the community doesn’t own a computer. There are also some bad points for the local community about booking online and they are: they have to give credit card details over the phone and other people may be listening in to take your details without permission, although you are talking to someone there is still a lack of contact, you can book your ticket for most Bradford theatres like the Alhambra in Bradford city centre and the Imax cinema also in Bradford city centre at the times of Monday – Saturday 9:00am – 8:00pm except Thursday 11:00am – 8:00pm, one final thing is that they have to be clear on what they want to see and when they want to see it. There are always a variety of shows on at these popular places. People can be reassured when it comes to give out there personal details over the net because of the Data Protection Act, this law stops the Alhambra giving out any information about the customer purchasing a ticket over the net. This law is effective because it reassures people that any infor mation given out will be safe and stops credit card fraud. ICT in Libraries The library in Bradford uses ICT a lot of the time. They use it for booking books in and out of the library where they have a quick find system which allows them to locate any book whether it is in their department or another. Bradford Central library is the most popular library in Bradford and it has 8 floors each with 1 or 2 hone lines. They also have internet access which can be use by the local community. This is where the internet code of practice comes into play here, it is an agreement that protects internet users. This isn’t really effective because it is an agreement not a law. People still pay a small fee to register with this practice although there is no need to. The library also has access to other ICT appliances on all floors of the library which can be used by the puff called James by the public any time during opening hours. They also have bigger screen with bigger text which meet the needs of the visually impaired. Software packages available are: Word 2000, Excel 2000, Publisher 2000 and Power Point 2000. To get these programs the library has to be licensed which it is otherwise they would be breaking a Copyright Law called Software Copyright Laws which came into force in the year 1988. This law states that software can not be used if it is not registered. The Computer misuse act also comes in to consideration here because this law states that unauthorised access to computer programs or data is an offence. This also protects the library from hackers, hacking into their computers. This law is not really effective because there have been so few prosecutions because many organisations dislike to admit their security procedures have been breached. There are also 2 lifts installed in the library which help the disabled people get from floor to floor and also to help move large quantities of books or other things. The good points for the local community are that when you ring up you can go directly to the place you need to be rather than having to be transferred through the phone lines. Staff is always available if you should have a problem on the PCs. If you need somewhere quiet to come and do some work then you can do it here. There are also bigger screens if you are visually impaired which are extremely useful not just for the visually impaired but also for any detail which needs to be done. They also have a kurzweil personal reader which is the name of a cassette player which recognizes words on the screen and reads them which is ideal for a blind person There also some bad points to the libraries and they are that the library is not always open so you can’t go on them any time you like. There is a set amount of time you are on the PCs so if you have a large amount of work that needs to be done you may have to make several visits if you also need to do research at the same time. I think ways that this could be improved are a bigger variety of brail printers throughout the library and more cassette players so they do not have to keep going to the top floor just to get access to one. Traffic lights All traffic lights use ICT, some have sensors on them and some have timers. There is a variety of technology which is used to detect whether a car has arrived at an intersection ranging from lasers to rubber hoses filled with compressed air. The most common is an inductive loop which is a coil of wire embedded in to the road. There is an example of laser traffic lights on Hammestrasse junction on Valley Parade. The good points about this are that it reduces the build up of traffic around junctions. The bad points about this are that some may get vandalised and when there is too much traffic the lights are always changing and that leads to build up on one side of the lights and there will not be as much on the other. Also these are good for pedestrians because they have the advantage, when the button is pressed the lights change within 30 seconds. The bad points however are that if there is loads of traffic, lights are constantly changing which can be a pain if you are in a rush. Also if you are the only car at one point of the junction and many at another the green light will stay with the majority of the traffic so you could be waiting there for up to 5 minutes. There are also some lights on Wakefield Road near the end of Lister Avenue and those are in between 2 schools, which are BCCC and Lower Fields Primary, these are extremely useful for the many kids that use them many times throughout the year. These light work on a timer so even though there may not be any pedestrians there vehicles will have to stop anyway which can be stressful because it is on a main road.

Domestic Violance

Essay preview UNIVERSITY DEGREE CRIMINOLOGY Research Proposal The purpose of this research proposal is to address the area of domestic violence in heterosexual relationships and why women find it difficult to leave abusive relationships. The proposal will start with a title which basically indicates what the report is about. There will be a literature review which covers the key literature used for the study; research questions for victims of domestic violence will also be formulated to aid the study.The proposal will address the research design to be used as well as the methods of data collection and at the same time emphasis will also be placed on the appropriateness of the method chosen. As expected with every research the proposal will deal with possible problems that could be faced and how they will be addressed including ethical issues. The proposal will also address the timescale for this project outlining the research schedule and that should be concluded with a bibliography. Title: Women's silence to domestic violence: why some do no leave abusive relationships. Hypothesis: People hold the view that women who choose not to leave those abusive relationships are passive. Aims of the investigation * To explore a range of social explanations for the causes of intimate partner violence. * To find out why women find it difficult to leave abusive relationships. * To develop an informative framework to victims of domestic violence and enlighten them on the policies of domestic violence. Context of study This proposed study is focusing on the data generated by social theorist on violence against women such as Bandura 19731who outline the reasons why some women find it difficult to leave abusive husbands. Hamilton ; Coates (1993)2 rightly stated that women who do not leave abusive relationships are often pathologized and blamed for their victimization. This is what generally happens and therefore the focus of attention is shifted from the wrongs perpetrated by t he abuser to people viewing the abused as passive.Several theories have been put forward to try and explain why abused women do not leave their relationships for example that women tend not leave because they are economically dependant on the abuser3. Also Abbott, Johnson, Koziol and Lowenstein (1995)4 suggested that characteristics of the abuser such as charm may stop the woman from leaving the relationship. This research will pay particular attention to the current social assumption of women who do not leave abusive relationships are masochistic and are to blame for their situations5 and test out whether the theories put forward are still applicable in the modern day times.The research will address this issue and help correct this grounded view of victims of abuse and provide useful information on domestic violence policies and laws that could rescue victims. Literature Review Literature review is integral to this research; this will therefore focus on the research question and i ts importance. Attention will also be paid to where there are gaps in this field of research and how they will be addressed. It is also necessary to consider whether it is beneficial to fill these gaps and identify who has made an attempt to fill them. The importance of the research question is that it addresses the issue of intimate partner violence and how the violence is learned in the socialization of family life6 and why women tend not leave those abusive relationships. There has not been much focus on the type research that I am carrying out recently. Most of the theoretical data that I managed to get hold of was on information gathered in the early 1980s to mid 90s. Changes within the society as well as technology means that the above factors might not be as accurate as to why women do not leave their abusive husbands.Therefore my research is important in that fresh data from the twenty first century will be compiled and will give a clearer view of why modern day women still stay in violent relationships. It will also provide a change in the negative social assumptions society holds of women who stay in abusive relationships and provide a shift from these assumptions. Similar research has been carried out by Dunn, 19897 , he found that the main reason why women stay is due to lack of options to responding to violent partners as well as the lack of support from family members.Newman, 19938 also found that women see no point in leaving their relationships due to the lack of support by the very institutions that are supposed to provide assistance. The research aims to test this area and see whether it is still applicable. Carlson 19979 found that a history of violence tags along future emotional aspects which entrap women thus complicating the process of leaving an abusive partner. When combined the above factors have implications on how domestic violence is interpreted and the perceptions held on women in abusive relationships.Lastly the research aims to raise awareness on domestic violence, 2007-2008 statistics by the British Crime Survey found that domestic violence cases had increased compared to statistics from 199510. Methodology and research design Research design is used to refer to the stages and processes which connect research questions to data (Punch, 1998)11 therefore the design aims to connect the research with the data. I am going to use the triangulation method for this research12, and this is whereby more than one method is used to gather data.According to (Brannen, 1992)13 the use of more than one method is regarded as a complementary technique which means that problems associated with strategy may be compensated for by the strengths of the other. The other reason why I am using the triangulation method is that different methods are appropriate in different research settings and for collecting different types of data. Because my research is quite complex I found this to be the best way to get accurate research after which the results will be combines to give one conclusion to the hypothesis.The qualitative component of the research will employ semi-structured interviews and the quantitative component will use a postal self completion questionnaire. The complementary use of these methods is a professional and tried and tested methodology14. To start off the research the quantitative method I am going to use for is a postal self completion questionnaire. This is whereby the respondents answer questions by completing the questionnaire themselves. The questions will be closed questions and require the respondent to circle yes, no and don't know (sample of questions attached).The purpose of this is to obtain a representative sample of women who will be of interest to the research who will then be called in for a semi-structured interview. The main reason for using the self-completion questionnaire is that they are considered as a way of recording values, attitudes and behaviours of the targeted po pulation and the data is generated in a systematic manner by providing the respondents with the same questions and recording their responses in a methodical manner15 .Also they are reliable in that they eliminate the differences in the way the questions are phrased and how they are presented to the respondents. The questionnaire will record the respondent's experiences of intimate partner domestic violence and find out basic background information on why women stay in abusive relationships. At this stage particular attention will be paid to ethical and safety issues that come with intimate domestic partner violence. The questionnaire will contain a statement assuring the respondents of confidentiality alongside a secret code number to ensure anonymity. ? I am aware of the drawbacks that come with this type of quantitative method which may include non response by some respondents. The questionnaire will include a covering letter explaining the aims of the research, its importance and why the recipient has been selected and most importantly it will feature guarantees of confidentiality. The questionnaire will be accompanied by a reply stamped addressed envelope and there will be a follow up on individuals who do not respond approximately three weeks after the first mailing16.This should improve the response rate and from then respondents will be called in for an in depth interview. For the qualitative component I am going to conduct semi structured interviews. The main advantage of using qualitative methods of research is that this type of research is concerned with understanding how people behave the way they do therefore it allows the subjects to give â€Å"detailed, richer† answers. This type of research also acts as a forerunner to other types of research for example quantitative research which may leave out valuable areas of research.I chose this type of method for the research because as highlighted it gives me a chance to exploit very detailed data which cannot be covered by quantitative analysis. It also uses subjective information therefore it is more representative of the women being studied. The interviews will be designed to have the pace be detected by the interviewee; the majority of the questions will be formulated in the interview which means that the interviewee is able to choose to talk about a subject that he/she feels emotionally comfortable with.The interviews will operate in an open framework and there will be two way communication between the interviewer and interviewee which paves way for the use of emotions, the interviewer can relate to what the interviewee has been through to some extent. At the same time since this is a sensitive subject procedures of ethics will be observed to ensure that the interviewees' confidentiality is not breached. Ethical considerations Ethics are a set of moral standards by which people regulate their behaviour17 therefore it is the responsibility of the researcher to ensure th at the research is carried out in an ethical manner.The British Sociological Association 2005 (BSA)18 set out guidelines which were to be followed by researchers when carrying out research. It is essential for my research that it is clearly stated to the interviewees that they are free to withdraw from the research process anytime and at the same time it is my responsibility that the interviewees are informed about what the research process entails and what the findings will be used for.As my research will be about the sensitive topic of domestic violence it is essential that I observe these guidelines, this benefits me as the researcher as well as the interviewees' safety. Ellsberg ; Heise (2002)19 highlighted that the main ethical concern related to researching violence against women is the potential to inadvertently cause distress therefore to avoid causing distress the interviews will be structured in a way that the interviewee controls the subjects to be discussed therefore wil l be able to discuss issues they emotionally capable to. ? It is my ethical responsibility to ensure confidentiality of the participants is preserved, I will ensure that participants will not use their real names but instead they will choose a unique code which identifies them and if there is a need to pass on details to other researchers this will ensure that their identity is protected, this also extends to data that is electronically stored.I am also aware that due to the nature of qualitative research methods interviewees might find themselves divulging information that they might regret later (Lee, 2003)20 so to ensure confidentiality I will break the link between information provided and the interviewees, this way anonymity is retained. There will also be a consent form to come with the research; this will outline the interviewee's rights to withdrawal at any time and assurances of anonymity as per BSA 2005. After the interviews take place, any information on relevant agencies and organisations will be passed on to the interviewees so that they get help when and if needed. 1 Bars to performance As with all research there will be obstructions to the ways in which the research is carried out as well as the way in which the data is accessed. A major problem might be that some women will not be willing to discuss issues of domestic violence for fear of retaliation by the perpetrator; the use of a confidentiality guarantee is aimed at assuring the interviewees. The use of triangulation means that the targets will be harder to achieve due to time constraints, therefore to combat this I will ensure that the research is carried out on a small scale and at the same time not putting accuracy in jeopardy.Time scale of research The research will take 6-9months to complete. Sending out of questionnaires will take place within the first fortnight of funding approval. The interviews are expected to take place after the data from the survey has been processed and thi s should be by the fifth month leaving time for results from the interviews to be processed. In conclusion what this research proposal has achieved is to do is highlight the elements of the research and the difficulties that are likely to be faced in the process. 1 Bandura, A. (1973), Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Hamilton, B. , & Coates, J. (1993): Perceived helpfulness and use of professional services by abused women. Journal of family violence, 8, 313-324 3 Sullivan, C. , Tan, C. , Basta, J. , Rumptz, M. , & Davidson, W. (1992). An advocacy intervention program for women with abusive partners: Initial evaluation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20 309-332 4 Abbott, J. , Johnson, R. , Koziol-McLain, J. , & Lowenstein, S. R. (1995). Domestic violence against women: Incidence and prevalence in an emergency department population. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273(22), 1763-1767 Walker, L. E. (1984), The battered woman syndrome, New York: Springer 6 Kalmuss, D. (1984). The intergenerational transmission of marital aggression. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 11-19 7 Dunn, L. L. (1989). The lived experience of fear in battered women. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Alabama at Birmingham 8 Newman, K. (1993). Giving up: Shelter experiences of battered women. Public Health Nursing, 10(2), 108-113 9 Carlson, B. E. (1997). A Stress and coping approach to intervention with abused women. Family Relations, 46, 291-298 10 Home office statistics, http://www. omeoffice. gov. uk/rds/pdfs08/hosb0708summ. pdf 11 Punch, K. F. (1998) Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. London: Sage. 12 Jupp, V. (1989) Methods of Criminological Research. London 13 Brannen, J. (1992) Mixing Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Aldershot: Avebury 14 Sayer, A. (1992) Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach. London: Routledge 15 Crow, I. , & Semmens, N (2008) Chapter 5: Research by Reading In Researching Criminology, ed. Crow, I. , & Semmens, N Maidenhead, Open University Press, pp. 81-99 16 Bryman, A. (2004) Social Research Methods, Second Edition: Oxford University Press, New York 17 Lee-Treweek, G. (2000). Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research. London: Routledge 18 British Sociological Association, Statement of Ethical Practice: www. britsoc. org. uk/about/ethic. htm 19 Ellsberg, M and Haise,L(2000), Bearing Witness: Ethics in domestic violence research, LanceT,Vol 359:1599-1604 20 Lee, R. M. (1993) Doing research on sensitive topics. SAGE. 21 Arksey, H. , & Knight, P. (1999). Interviewing for social scientists: An introductory resource with examples. London: Sage

Descartes And Berkeley s Beliefs On The Source Of Human...

In this paper, I will compare and contrast Descartes’ and Berkeley’s beliefs on the source of human knowledge and how it relates to their definitions of absolute truth. According to Descartes, the source of human knowledge is found only through thinking, because our senses deceive us. Absolute truth, for Descartes, is objective fact established through deductive reasoning. Berkeley, on the other hand, believes that human knowledge originates from perception and that absolute fact is one’s perceptions of the material world. In this paper I will explore Descartes’ and Berkeley’s opposing views on the origin of human knowledge and their respective definitions of absolute truth. First, I will describe both philosophers’ explanation of the source of human knowledge. Then I will contrast their definitions of absolute truth, and explore how each philosopher uses their respective sources of human knowledge to find this absolute truth. Descartes claims that sensation is deceptive, and therefore cannot be trusted. He says that our senses tell us that distant objects are small, when they are actually large. Descartes goes on to state that â€Å"it is unwise to trust completely those who have deceived us even once† (Descartes, First Meditation, 2). Descartes then proceeds to prove his claims about human knowledge through deductive reasoning. First, he claims that sensation is deceitful, so we cannot trust anything that our bodies or senses perceive. Next, Descartes states that if God isShow MoreRelatedDescartes, Berkeley, And God5780 Words   |  24 PagesDescartes, Berkeley, and God There are conflicting views between philosophers of the modern era pertaining to the existence of God. Even further, many of these philosophers who share the opinion that God does in fact exist also have opposing views as to how that affects their world view. For example, Descartes’s narrator, in the fifth meditation comes to the conclusion, that God, an almighty benevolent being, is no deceiver, and holds all perfection. Within this system, the narratorRead MoreAnalysis of Descartes Argument788 Words   |  3 Pagesending of the reading selection.? Reading selection from Descartes Discourse on the Method (Part IV). Descartes begins with the problem of being able to prove his own existence but ends up with an argument proving the existence of God. Read more about the Discourse on the Method located at HYPERLINK http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/descdisc.pdf http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/descdisc.pdf. In his Discourse on the Method, Descartes essentially asked his famous question: how can we knowRead MoreThe Principles Of Empiricism And The Spirit Behind It2295 Words   |  10 Pagestheory of the origin and types of ideas and the problems it gave rise to. Locke, John, An Essay concerning human understanding, Everyman, 1961: Book 1, of Innate ideas, Book 2, chapter 1, of ideas in general and their original, Berkeley, George, A treatise concerning the principles of human knowledge. Empiricists endorse the idea that we have no source of knowledge in S or for the concepts we use in S other than sense experience. This radical way of thinking began in the 17th century, with John LockeRead MoreGod? Essay1883 Words   |  8 Pagesattributes and powers and to require human worship; specifically: one controlling a particular aspect or part of reality.† (â€Å"God†). For a philosopher, however, this concept has proven to be more than a little difficult to solve. According to O’Brien in his book An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, â€Å"The philosophy of religion is (in part) concerned with whether such a belief is justified.† (177). The belief that O’Brien mentions as being problematic is the belief that the God worshiped by the monotheisticRead MoreConstructivism: Social Theory of International Politics by Alexander Wendt1057 Words   |  5 PagesConstructivism Alexander Wendt in his work entitled Social Theory of International Politics (1999) explain the basic propositions of constructivism, arguing that â€Å"structures of human association are determined primarily by shared ideas rather than material forces; thus, identities and interests of purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas rather than given by nature† (Palan, 2000, p. 576). As such, these shared ideas construct identities and interests. In this regard, Wendt supportsRead MoreMetaphysics And The Philosophical Branch Of Reality2278 Words   |  10 Pagesof Science, Philosophy of Meaning, the problem of free will, and social and political philosophy. From all these topics, Metaphysics is the most interesting. Metaphysics is the study of reality. Metaphysic focuses on the question, what explains the source of reality? In the philosophical branch of Metaphysics come smaller branches. Four of these smaller branches are; Dualism, Materialism also known as Physic alism, and Pantheism. Materialism is, â€Å"the view that matter is the ultimate constituent of reality†Read MoreCognitive psychology  . Essay5542 Words   |  23 Pages  developmental psychology, and  educational psychology. Cognitive psychology  is the scientific investigation of human cognition, that is, all our mental abilities – perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, reasoning, and understanding. The term â€Å"cognition† stems from the Latin word â€Å" cognoscere† or to know. Fundamentally, cognitive psychology studies how people acquire and apply knowledge or information. It is closely related to the highly interdisciplinary cognitive science and influenced by artificialRead MoreThe Construction of Risk: 9/11 Terrorist Attack and the Response to It2009 Words   |  9 PagesIn general, cognitive science ignores the symbolic meanings that humans give to objects and events. Lupton makes this clear by saying that perception in realism is restricted only to the way people see and comprehend the world through their senses and brain-functioning (Lupton, 1999). The realists have a tendency to place people outside the cultural and political frameworks, relationships, and insti tutions within which their beliefs and behaviours are constructed. This tendency is not correct becauseRead MoreAristotle And Plato s Influence On Western Philosophical Tradition2851 Words   |  12 Pagesgroups: the Rationalists, who were mostly in France and Germany that argued that all knowledge must begin from certain innate ideas.† Some major rationalists were Rene Descartes, Nicolas Malebranche, Baruch Spinoza, and Gottfried Leibniz. The second group, the Empiricists, held that knowledge must begin with sensory experience. Some major figures in this line of thought were John Locke, David Hume, and George Berkeley. Immanuel Kant is retrospectively responsible for these categories because his philosophyRead MorePsy 244 Essay10464 Words   |  42 Pagesand â€Å"nurture† in human development date from ancient times, but they were especially prominent during the Renaissance. What do the terms â€Å"nature† (or nativism) and â€Å"nurture† (or nurturism ) mean? What are the basic positions of persons on each side of the debate? Why is the debate today seen as based on a false dichotomy, so that instead of nurture vs. nurture, the term â€Å"gene-environment interaction@ is used instead? ïÆ'  Nature: posits certain inborn structures of mind (Rene Descartes 1596-1650, George